Disease	Cause	Appearance of Broodnest	Appearance of Cappings	Dead Larvae	Color and Consistency of Larvae	Scales	Odor
American Foulbrood	bacillus larvae- bacterium, sporeforming	scattered brood pattern	sunken, perforated, discolored, greasey appearance	flat on bottom of cell	light brown, dull white, dark brown, eventually coffee to dark brown,; sticky to ropey	black-brown and rough, removed by bees wih difficulty; lies flat on lower side of cell	unpleasant glue-like
Chalkbrood	Acosphaera apis, a fungus	scattered	light or dark, convex, any perforated	most often in sealed or perforated cells	white and mouldy, later grey-black, hard and chalk-like	none	normal
Chilled brood	sudden or prolonged low temperature	few or many dead larvae in cells at edge of broodnest	light or dark sunken and discolored over time	mostly in unsealed cells	dark or black, dry quickly	remnants are removed by bees easily	normal, roten odor in severe cases
Drone brood in worker cells	unfertilized or laying worker eggs in worker cells	predominantly drone brood	bullet-like	none or few	normal	none	normal
European foulbrood, advance infection	Streptococcus pluton, a bacterium	scattered brood pattern, often pepperbox in appearance	discolored, sunken, perforated	in unsealed and sealed cells, in twisted positions, sometimes stretched out on the ventral side of the cell	black-brown, viscous, slightly ropey and stickey	rubbery, black-brown and smooth, are removed by bees with difficulty	sour
European Foulbrood- Early infection	Streptococcus pluton, a bacterium	scattered brood pattern	some discolored, sunken, perforated	in unsealed cells, in twisted positions; trachea system often visible	yellow and brown; remains granular	yellowish or light brown; easily removed by bees	sour
Healthy Brood		pattern of sealed cells	light brown color, convex cappings	none	plump, white, mother-of-pearl appearnace	none	none or fresh
Sacbrood	a virus	scattered, often with many unsealed cells	often dark and sunken, many perforated	most often with head raised	greyish to black, watery and granular; skin has a sack-like appearance	head predominantly curled up; yellow-brown or dark grey; removed by bees with ease	none to sour
Stonebrood	Aspergillus flavus, a fungus	affected cells have a greenish, mouldy appearance	some perforated and covered with a greenish layer	in unsealed and sealed cells	green-yellow, hard and shrunken	none	mouldy in advanced stage
Varroa disease	Varroa jacobsoni, a mite	scattered brood pattern; infestation greatest in drone brood	discolored and sunken	in sealed cells when heavily infected	dead larvae decay; surviving adults are often deformed	none, dead larvae and pupae easily removed by bees	unpleasant, rotten in severe infestations
Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)
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